A vector is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude. Let a vector be denoted by the symbol (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}). The magnitude of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) is (|overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}| equiv A). We can represent vectors as geometric objects using arrows. The length of the arrow corresponds to the magnitude of the vector. The arrow points in the direction of the vector (Figure 3.1).
There are two defining operations for vectors:
(1) Vector Addition
Vectors can be added. Let (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) and (overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) be two vectors. We define a new vector,( overrightarrow{mathbf{C}}=overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}), the “vector addition” of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) and (overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}), by a geometric construction. Draw the arrow that represents (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}). Place the tail of the arrow that represents (overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) at the tip of the arrow for (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) as shown in Figure 3.2a. The arrow that starts at the tail of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) and goes to the tip of (overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) is defined to be the “vector addition” ( overrightarrow{mathbf{C}}=overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}). There is an equivalent construction for the law of vector addition. The vectors (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) and (overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) can be drawn with their tails at the same point. The two vectors form the sides of a parallelogram. The diagonal of the parallelogram corresponds to the vector ( overrightarrow{mathbf{C}}=overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}), as shown in Figure 3.2b.
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Vector addition satisfies the following four properties:
(i) Commutativity
The order of adding vectors does not matter; [overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}} = overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}]Our geometric definition for vector addition satisfies the commutative property (3.1.1). We can understand this geometrically because in the head to tail representation for the addition of vectors, it doesn’t matter which vector you begin with, the sum is the same vector, as seen in Figure 3.3.
(ii) Associativity
When adding three vectors, it doesn’t matter which two you start with[(overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) + overrightarrow{mathbf{C}} = overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+(overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{C}}) ]In Figure 3.4a, we add ((overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{C}})+overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}), and use commutativity to get (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{B}}) + overrightarrow{mathbf{C}}) to arrive at the same vector as in Figure 3.4a.
(iii) Identity Element for Vector Addition
There is a unique vector, (overrightarrow{mathbf{0}}), that acts as an identity element for vector addition. For all vectors (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}),[overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{0}} = overrightarrow{mathbf{0}}+overrightarrow{mathbf{A}} = overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}]
(iv) Inverse Element for Vector Addition
For every vector (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) there is a unique inverse vector (-overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) such that [overrightarrow{mathbf{A}} + (-overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) = overrightarrow{mathbf{0}}] The vector (-overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) has the same magnitude as (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}), (|overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}|=|-overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}|=A) but they point in opposite directions (Figure 3.5).
(2) Scalar Multiplication of Vectors
Vectors can be multiplied by real numbers. Let (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) be a vector. Let (text{c}) be a real positive number. Then the multiplication of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) by (text{c}) is a new vector, which we denote by the symbol (c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}). The magnitude of (c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) is (text{c}) times the magnitude of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) (Figure 3.6a), [|c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}|=c|overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}|]Let (c > 0), then the direction of (c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) is the same as the direction of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}). However, the direction of (-c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) is opposite of (overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}) (Figure 3.6).
Scalar multiplication of vectors satisfies the following properties:
(i) Associative Law for Scalar Multiplication
The order of multiplying numbers is doesn’t matter. Let (b) and (c) be real numbers. 4k youtube to mp3 key. Then
[b(c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}})=(b c) overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}=(c b overrightarrow{mathbf{A}})=c(b overrightarrow{mathbf{A}})]
(ii) Distributive Law for Vector Addition
Vectors satisfy a distributive law for vector addition. Let (c) be a real number. Then
Vectors also satisfy a distributive law for scalar addition. Let (b) and (c) be real numbers.Then[(b+c) overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}=b overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}+c overrightarrow{mathbf{A}}]Our geometric definition of vector addition and scalar multiplication satisfies this condition as seen in Figure 3.8.
(iv) Identity Element for Scalar Multiplication
The number 1 acts as an identity element for multiplication, Mediainfo 0 7 93.